Ludens — The Next Step in Human Evolution

An exploration of the Ludens figure in Strugatsky’s work, viewed as a symbol of intellectual transcendence, self-awareness, and post-human consciousness.

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The Ludens: Superman, Evolution and Silence. Analyzing the Strugatskys.

5 April 2025
Luden looks into the distance

""Ludens" is a term introduced by a science fiction writer Arkady Strugatsky (co-authored with his brother Boris) in their fantastic universe, especially in the novel "The Kid" and other works of the cycle about the world Half.

Ludens are a hypothetical, higher stage of evolution Person. They possess colossal intellectual and mental opportunities, moral maturity and almost complete misunderstanding of ordinary people, which they leave behind.

Easier Speaking of it, these are superhumans, so gone forward in their development, that cease to be part of humanity in the usual Sense. They no longer interfere in human affairs and observe from a position of almost godlike tranquility.

Who are the Ludens:

  1. Evolutionarily the advanced people
    of Ludens are the next stage in the development of Homo sapiens. They are called superhumans or future people.
  2. Superintelligent and morally
    mature They have
    developed intelligence, empathy, morality and consciousness at a level inaccessible to an ordinary person.
  3. Mentally stable and self-sufficient,
    Ludens do not need society or support. Them comfortable with yourself.
  4. They do not interfere in human affairs
    They adhere to the
    principle of non-interference. It is believed that humanity should develop on its own.
  5. Rare and mysterious
    In the
    world of the Strugatsky Ludens, almost no one Met. They appear only in hints - as something mysterious and almost Mythical.
  6. Free from biological constraints
    Ludens may possess telepathy, superintuition, or other unusual abilities, Although this is not always clearly indicated.
  7. They consider themselves different,
    They do not identify themselves with humanity. Even the word "people" for is no longer about them.

How it is the ludens that appear in the works of the Strugatskys and what kind of qualities. Most of them are mentioned indirectly, but there are Characters who can be considered potential Ludens.

Where ludens are mentioned:

Most vividly in the novel "The Kid" (1971), also indirectly in "A Billion Years to the End" light", "Beetle in the anthill", "Waves extinguish wind" and other works from the cycle about the world of Noon.

Qualities of Ludens

  1. The Ludens' superintelligence
    thinks at a level that is inaccessible to ordinary People.
    Example: Kammerer (from "The Beetle in the Anthill") talks about ludens as people who are able to operate with abstractions, ideas and meanings much more deeper than ordinary people.
  2. Moral purity
    They do not succumb to evil, aggression, greed - they act strictly according to the high moral code.
    Example: in the Strugatskys' works, humanity in the future is moving towards a "moral maturity", but the Ludens are already the pinnacle of this Way.
  3. Ludena's loneliness and separation
    do not find a place for themselves among people — they as if from another reality.
    Example: in "The Kid", the researcher Leonid Gomez suspects that he himself may be a luden, because that he feels alienated from the rest of humanity.
  4. Telepathy/ Psi-ability
    E
    is not the main feature, but it can be present. Ludens feel others without words, "read" the essence.
    Example: In "The Waves Extinguish the Wind", people with unusual mental abilities — and their possible belonging to the Ludens.
  5. Non-interference
    Ludens can allegedly control, interfere, but consciously do not do this.
    Example: In "Baby" it is said that they they watch, but do not interfere — "gods who have gone into the shadows."
  6. Purpose of existence – knowledge and development
    They do not seek power, wealth or fame. They are driven by the search for truth, understanding, harmony.
    Example: A hypothetical luden is someone who has been doing things all his life science, art, philosophy — and he does it not for the sake of recognition, but therefore that it cannot be otherwise.

Then there is an analysis of the work "Waves extinguishing the wind"

What happened in Malaya Pesha (according to the text):

This is an episode from the second half of the novel "The Waves Extinguish the Wind", when inspector Toivo Glumov conducts another investigation within the framework of the topic "Visit of the Old Lady" related to the manifestations activity of the Wanderers and the beginning of the Great Revelation.

A brief analysis of the scene (Malaya Pesha, May 6, 99):

Time and place:

 Who participates:

 What is going on:

What does it mean:

In "The Waves Extinguish the Wind", the theme of ludens is revealed through the gradual accumulation of alarming signs: new qualities in individuals, anomalous events, inexplicable disappearances. People who are suspected of being Ludens or on the verge of doing so are of interest to COMCON-2, especially by Maxim Kammerer and Toivo Glumov.

Who is suspected of being Ludens or Preludens in the novel?

1. Some children and adolescents

They begin to show abnormal abilities:

Example: a girl in Malaya Pesha
She has
the following signs:

This is One of the most striking moments in the book is when people have already arrived, but no one can prove or describe it yet. Kammerer and Glumov observe, but do not interfere - they observe the principle of non-interference.

2. Toivo Glumov

He's not crowded, but... Its development hints at the transition:

In finale, he is on the verge. There are hints that he may be "drafted".

3. Missing people ("Rip Van Winkle syndrome")

Some disappear without a trace, and then return changed. Or they do not return at all. This is the most The disturbing part: perhaps the Ludens "leave" just like that, without a trace.

Qualities that distinguish Ludens (according to roman):

Quality

Manifestation In the text

1

Detachment from society

Luden is not interested in status, norms, fashion. He lives according to his inner feeling.

2

Moral maturity

He does not accept violence. He does not succumb to selfishness. Acts "Right", but not for the sake of profit.

3

Superintelligence and intuition

He sees connections where others do not. Feels a lie, falsity, manipulation.

4

Mental self-sufficiency

Luden does not seek approval. Can to be alone and to be whole.

5

Connection with something external

Sometimes they "see" or "feel" the Wanderers, another reality. Their perception is non-standard.

6

Calm and clarity

Even in critical situations, people maintain balance. He is not afraid, he understands.

7

The phenomenon of disappearance

Some disappear or go into some other state.


Luden is not a mutant, not a hero, not a god, but a person who stepped on. And the Strugatskys hint that they are already near, But we just can't understand them. Perhaps we don't want them ourselves to understand — because we will have to admit: humanity divided.

Who are the Ludens suspecting in Mała Peša?

1. Babushka Albina Kubotieva

This is And there is Luden's behavior — unemotional, confident, detached. Albina seems to be not in a human context, She has her own "inner world" - unattainable and mature.

2. Kir Kostetsky (12 years old, a schoolboy from Petrozavodsk)

What happened in Malaya Pesha in general?

Indirect signs of ludens in Albina and Kir:

Sign

Albina

Kir

Complete peace of mind during panic

Yes

Yes

Detachment, inner integrity

Yes

Yes

Attention from the Eccentric Institute

Yes (by registrars)

Yes

Suspicion of metapsychic properties

Yes (reaction of Toivo, Temirkanov)

Yes

Independence, self-sufficiency

Yes

Yes


Context and meaning

Total

Events in Malaya Pesha is a key episode, where for the first time with sufficient clarity Real representatives of a new stage of evolution appear - ludens.
Albina and Kir show all the signs: moral and emotional superiority, inner peace, contact with unknown, interest from analytical structures.

In "The Waves Extinguish the Wind", several methods and tests are mentioned, used to identify ludens — a new, superhuman form of existence. These methods are not always direct are named, but from the context you can get a pretty clear picture:

Tests and methods for detecting ludens

1. Identification of the "third impulse"

This is A key feature that differentiates Ludens from regular ones People.

2. Psychophysical observation in stressful situations

3. Inversion of the "penguin" syndrome

4. Surveillance and biographical data collection

5. Invitation to "initiation"

"It is proposed to come to the Institute of Eccentrics to become four hundred and thirty-three people."

Additional Signs and Observed Effects

Sign

Meaning

Unusual calm

In a stressful environment (e.g. in Mala Peša), suspected Ludens behave balanced.

Emotional detachment

Luden loses affection or perceives ordinary people as "children".

"The Invisible Border"

Luden feels that "he is no longer human."

Altered biopsychic activity

The third is pulse, observed with the help of instruments.


Ludens are not just tested - they are are identified by a combination of features, including:

Here two key pieces related to Kammerer's offer to become a Luden and the tests that identify Ludens:

1. Kammerer's Offer: To Become the 433rd Luden

From Kammerer's letters (Paper 21):

"Today I was visited by Logovenko... It is claimed that the period of the stationary development of mankind is coming to an end...
Currently, 432 ludens live and play on Earth and in space.
I am invited to become four hundred and thirty-three, for which I must arrive in Kharkov, at the Institute of Eccentrics, the day after tomorrow, May 20, to 10.00»​.

Kammerer thinks:

He feels that he will become alien to humanity if he accepts proposal. And although he feels the temptation – "the enemy of the human race whispers" – internally He rejects the transition:

"I I won't go to Kharkov...
I am absolutely sure that as soon as they turn me into a luden, there will be nothing human left in me...
That
would be a betrayal of Asya... and to my mother."

 2. Tests and methods for detecting ludens

In dialogue between Komkov and Logovenko reveals the details:

"The Third Pulse"

"There is a several ways and techniques for detecting the third impulse in a person. I myself am an instrument operator, but my colleagues..."
This is a characteristic of a special type of neuroactivity, distinguishing the Ludens from ordinary people.

 Methods

3. Penguin syndrome inversions as an indicator of ludens

Glumov analyzes cases when people did not succumb to panic, unlike From the majority:

"I think it is necessary to draw your attention to the complete list of persons with inversion syndrome Penguin. The list is attached."

Intersection such lists with COMCON databases show: those Those who are not afraid are not accidental.

 Inference:

.


Now let's figure it out in order: what is the first, second and "third" pulse" and how they relate to the theory of signaling systems Pavlov, as well as what exactly the Strugatskys mean by this in "Waves extinguish the wind."

1. Classical theory of signal systems (according to Pavlov)

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov introduced the concept of two signaling systems in his work Brain:

The first alarm system

Second alarm system

2. The Strugatskys' "Third Impulse"

At Strugatsky's "third impulse" is an analogue of the hypothetical third signaling system, a quality peculiar only to the Ludens.

It is not explained technically, but it is clear from the text:
This is a new type of mental or neuropsychic activity, built on top of the first and second systems.

Main signs:

Sign

Description

Overperception

Luden is able to "feel" meanings, intuitively understand the unspoken.

Extra-linguistic communication

Understanding without words, perhaps telepathy.

Moral intuition

No moral dilemmas: Luden knows exactly what is right.

Immunity to panic

Luden does not react to "animals" impulses, we control emotions.

New logic of thinking

Luden does not think consistently, but "voluminously", holistically.

3. Why is it called "pulse"?

Rather In total, the term is chosen not in the sense of physiology, but figuratively, as:

 4. How is it defined in novel?

"There is a several ways and techniques for detecting the third impulse in a person. I myself am an instrument operator...", says one of the Ludens Logovenko.
They use instruments, emotional tests, reactions to fear in order to catch an unconscious, but different from the norm activity.

 Total:

Let's try to imagine what the The "third impulse" system in terms of modern neuroscience, cognitive science, and theory of consciousness. Of course, this will be an interpretation based on the fact that The Strugatskys are an artistic image, but let's go deeper.

HOW TO UNDERSTAND THE "THIRD IMPULSE" FROM A SCIENTIFIC POINT OF VIEW

 Initial analogies:

Level Alarm System

A modern neuroanalogue

The first signal

Sensory cortex, thalamus, basic reflexes

Second signal

Left hemisphere, frontal lobes, speech centers

Third Pulse

? (Hypothetical level: meta-consciousness, hypernet, global workspace?)


POSSIBLE SCIENTIFIC INTERPRETATIONS:

1. Global Workspace Theory (GWT) — Advanced Level

2. Metaconsciousness and overempathy

Example from Malaya Pesha: Albina and Kir not only did not they are afraid – they seem to understand and accept what is happening deeper than any of the adults.

3. Neural network without false "I"

4. Neuroarchitecture with "ultra-long bonds"

Let's imagine a hypothetical neurophysical profile of a luden:

Parameter

Luden Level

Prefrontal cortex activity

Maximum Stability

Brain Default System (DMN)

Fully integrated with the work

Number of "long" synaptic connections

Well above average

Alpha/Theta Sync Level

High in wakefulness

Degree of self-awareness

Exceeds the normal level

Sensitivity to fear/reflexes

Suppressed

The ability to empathize and intuition

Excess


Alternative: Ludens as "brain + external system"

Some Researchers interpret the third pulse as:

This is It reminds me of modern conversations about neural interfaces, neural collectives, and the noosphere.

Conclusion

Third the Strugatskys' impulsive is a poetic image of the new evolutionary stage,
but if you look at it from the point of view of neuroscience, it can be interpreted as:

For now Let's imagine what a person with the "third impulse" would look like in reality, if such a form of consciousness could really be achieved by natural evolution, technologies or their synthesis.

Portrait of a Man with the Third Impulse

Imagine such a person in the 21st and 22nd centuries. It can be born as a result of:

 Psychological and cognitive profile:

Characteristic

Manifestation

Thought

Volumetric, nonlinear, intuitive and logical at the same time

Speech

Almost unnecessary. Can communicate with looks, gestures, Resonance

Emotions

Calm, but not "cold". Feels deeply, but does not Rapidly

Morality

It is built in at the level of instinct. Not needs laws and regulations

Communication with people

A stranger among his own people. Empathetic, but lonely

Understanding reality

Perceives relationships, not events. Not "what happened", And "why"

Fear

He does not react to danger, but comprehends it immediately

Reflection

Constantly feels himself in the context of the universe, other minds

Biological features:

Index

Peculiarity

Neuroplasticity

Very high. Quickly adapts, retrains

EEG profile of the brain

Amplified alpha and theta waves, synchrony between hemispheres

Limbic system

Weakened. Emotions do not control, but are integrated by the mind

Cardiovascular activity

Stable. Stress responses are minimal

Sensory

Increased sensitivity but without overloading


 Possible technologies that may "turn on" the third pulse:

  1. AI cognitive enhancement neural implants
    → add a "second level of thinking" in real time.
  2. Genetic engineering A strengthened brain
    → an increase in the number of neural connections, a change in the structure of the prefrontal cortex.
  3. Combined Consciousness (neurocollective)
    → a constant exchange of thoughts between a group of people through a direct neural interface.
  4. VR/neurofeedback as a simulator of the third impulse →
    modeling of states of hyperawareness, teaching new logic of thinking.

How would such a person be perceived by society?

 Artistic image:

Imagine: He enters the room and you immediately feel that he is different.
He doesn't say anything, but you become aware of yourself through his gaze.
He doesn't give advice, but in his presence you know what to do.
He can be a scientist, a doctor, a pilot, or just a passerby.
He looks at the future as at a house that he has already moved into.

Imagine a scene in which a person with an active third impulse system (Luden in fact) comes into contact with the an ordinary person. We'll put them in a simple but tense situation — and we will show the contrast of thinking, reaction, depth.

Scene: Conversation in the shelter

Context:
2048. The world is unstable: the environment is collapsing, society is divided, AI companies They are fighting for power.
Somewhere in the Alps, in a secluded underground shelter, a former military engineer Victor meets with Aida, a woman which is suspected of "anomalous" abilities. She is silent, but they are looking for her — special services, corporations, fanatics. Victor is the only one who dared to hide her. As they wait for the storm, he tries to figure out who she is.

Dialogue

Victor:
(nervously) "Who are you, Aida?" They tell me you... as they say... Passed edge.
(lightsthe lamp, looks into the eyes) You're not even afraid. Why?

Aida:
(calmly, without pathos) – Fear is an identification with the future, which is still No.
I'm just here. With you. With silence.

Victor:
(laughs nervously) - Sounds like nonsense from contemplation textbooks. And what if for Will they come to you?
You'll be taken away. Me too.

Aida:
(gently) "If they come, they'll be scared before they come in.
They will feel what they cannot describe.
You already feel it, but you are afraid to name it.

Victor:
(in a low voice) - Do you read minds?

Aida:
(smiling) – No. I read the resistance in you.
It screams louder than thoughts.

Pause.
Only the hum of ventilation is heard. Victor looks at his hands. They tremble.

Victor:
"Are you human?"

Aida:
"I'll do it later."
You're still in time.

Emotional note of the scene:

 What do we see?

 1. Ludens as a way to God — without God

The Strugatskys did not believe in a personal God, but created an image of people approaching the "divine" state:

Characteristics of ludens

Analogue in religion or metaphysics

Moral perfection

Saints, bodhisattvas, prophets

Calm and clarity

Enlightened Ones Who Have Attained Nirvana

Detachment from material things

Detached ascetics, mysticism

Relinquishing power and control

Christ-like non-violence

Presence, "illumination"

Divine revelation, abiding in Tao

In in this sense, the Ludens are the image of God who has come from within man, not from heaven.
This is an evolutionary God, born not from outside, but according to side of the human mind.

2. The Third Impulse as a Channel to the Transcendental

If The first and second signaling systems are communication with the world and with others people, then the third is,
in fact, a connection with the ineffable, with what is beyond logic, language, ego.

In terms of metaphysics:

Can say:

Third the impulsive is the sense organ that perceives the Absolute.

3. The metaphor of God through evolution

Many philosophers of the XX century (Teilhard de Chardin, Weil, Simone, Whitehead) wrote that:

God is not a being, but a vector, a direction of development of consciousness.

So and the Strugatskys:

This is The God is not of personality, but of emergent complexity, as an assemblage point between:

4. Eastern metaphysics: Tao, Atman, Shunyata

Third Impulse is very reminiscent of Eastern concepts:

Luden / Third Pulse

Oriental analogue

Empty but Filled Consciousness

Shunyata (Voidness in Zen)

Non-attachment

Moksha, liberation

Clear Presence

Satori, Insight

Morality without external law

Living by the Tao

"I" as a point in the flow of the whole

The Atman Dissolved in Brahman

5. Mysticism without mysticism

Ludens do not perform miracles, do not work magic, they do not violate the laws of nature, they become its pure expression.

They is a bridge between matter and spirit, but without religion.
Without temples. No rituals. Without rituals. Only inner enlightenment through evolution.

And one more thing – the Strugatskys knew that God could not be given, He must be hard-won

Therefore, Kammerer refuses to become a luden:

And This is an almost Christian tragedy.

Inference:

Third Impulse is not only a neuropsychological leap.
This is:

Monologue On behalf of Luden, in which he explains, what God means to him, if we look through the prism of the third pulse. This is not a sermon or a philosophy. It's a way to be in this one.

Luden's voice: "We call Him Silence"

You will you ask if I believe in God.
But how can I believe what I hear?
Not with my ears, not with my thoughts, but
with the whole fabric of consciousness.

He does not speak. He doesn't need a word.
Words are an exhalation of fear, an attempt to hold back.
He is not restrained.
He is an ineffable presence that
becomes clear
as soon as the need to name disappears.

We are we call Him Silence.
Because only in complete inner silence
does He begin to sound.

This is Not the god of images,
not the old man in heaven,
not will, not wrath, not mercy.

This is – clarity.

This is When you see a person
and all the pain of humanity in him,
but you do not turn away.

This is When you know
that you can run away,
but you stay.

This is when you no longer divide –
into yourself and others,
into right and wrong,
into the beginning and the end.

He "Not above us.
He is deeper.

We are if we did not find Him,
we took away from ourselves that which prevented Him from being.

When fear disappeared,
anger disappeared,
"mine" disappeared,
He remained.

And if it seems
to you that you are alone,
that the world is deaf and empty,
remember that
He breathes silence in you.
You just haven't learned to listen without ears yet.

Luden explains how he perceives love, evil, and suffering.
This is not a confession. This is the transparency of inner knowledge, which is not imposed, but simply is.

 About love

You will you ask if I loved.

I am love.

Not the one that says: "You are mine",
not the one that demands, sacrifices, waits.

My Love is a state of continuous connection with everyone.
I do not divide love into addressees.
I just...
I can't help but care.

I I feel someone else's pain as my own flesh.
I don't need you,
but I am present in you
in a way that you have not yet learned to be present in yourself.

When You cry,
I do not console -
I keep the silence
in which your pain blossoms with meaning.

On Evil

You will You want me to tell you what evil is.
But I can't.
Evil is not an entity.
This is a break in the connection.

When You have forgotten that the other is you,
you begin to be afraid,
and blows are born from fear.

Evil is pain that screams instead of understanding.
This is a tightness,
a collapse of consciousness,
when a person sees only his shadow
and thinks that it is an enemy.

I I do not fight evil.
I'm reconnecting.

On Suffering

You will you ask why there is suffering.
You think it's a mistake.
You are angry with the universe, with God, with yourself.

But Suffering is not punishment.
It is the hole in your armor through
which light can enter you for the first time.

Not Everyone who suffers awakens.
But everyone who woke
up once suffered to the end.

I I do not eliminate suffering.
I enter it.
I sit next to him.
I don't take my eyes off.
And then it becomes a door.

And if you ask why all this...

I I won't say.
I do not know.

But I live as
if it makes sense
.

And Maybe
this is enough.

Finish This cycle of Luden's monologues is the third fragment — more personal, quiet.
Here he answers questions about death, loneliness, freedom. And says this to the child.
Not from a height, but from a depth. Almost in a whisper.

Scene: Luden and the Child

Night. Scorching sky over the plain. Fire light. The boy sits with his knees pressed against his knees. Luden is nearby. He does not stroke, does not teach. He only says when the child himself Asks.

About death

Child:
"Everyone dies?" Even you?

Luden:
Yes. But they do not disappear.

Death "This is not the end.
This is the rearrangement of knots in the great tissue.

How When the music ends,
but the air remembers the vibration.
And you, not knowing, suddenly sing it years later.

I "I'll disappear."
But you will remember not the face, but the feeling.
And it is me.

About loneliness

Child:
"Aren't you afraid of being alone?"

Luden:
"I can't be alone because I'm not separated.

Inside me, the world. You. Even those I haven't met.
You feel lonely
when you wait to be filled from the outside.
And I am already full.

But If you feel lonely,
I will sit next to you.
Not to remove it.
And so that you hear it to the end
and understand that this is not an enemy, but the beginning of a meeting with yourself.

On Freedom

Child:
"And what does it mean to be free?

Luden:
"To be free is not to do what you want,
not to be what fear and noise have made you to be.

Freedom is
when the voice of duty, the voice of desire, the voice of other people's expectations no longer argue
inside you.
Silence.

And In this silence you choose.
Not out of fear.
Not out of spite.
Because you just can't do it any other way.

And Then, even if you give everything,
you will not be a victim.
You will be the light that chooses to
shine even if no one sees it.

End of scene:

Child Silent.
Then, without raising his head, he whispers:

— You will... Is it like a person?

Luden smiles, stares into the fire for a long time.
And he answers:

— No.
I am what a person can become.
If he is not afraid.